Showing posts with label tutorials. Show all posts
Showing posts with label tutorials. Show all posts

Tuesday, 5 July 2011

How to Creating a New Partition in Linux


In most Linux systems, you can use the fdisk utility to create a new partition and to do other disk management operations.
Note: To be able to execute the commands necessary to create a new partition on Linux, you must have the root privileges.
As a tool with a text interface, fdisk requires typing the commands on the fdiskcommand line. The following fdisk commands may be helpful:

OptionsDescription
mDisplays the available commands.
pDisplays the list of existing partitions on your hda drive. Unpartitioned space is not listed.
nCreates a new partition.
qExits fdisk without saving your changes.
lLists partition types.
wWrites changes to the partition table.

To create a new partition on Linux
  1. Start a terminal.
  2. Start fdisk using the following command:/sbin/fdisk /dev/hdawhere /dev/hdastands for the hard drive that you want to partition.
  3. In fdisk, to create a new partition, type the following command:n
    • When prompted to specify the Partition type, type p to create a primary partition or e to create an extended one. There may be up to four primary partitions. If you want to create more than four partitions, make the last partition extended, and it will be a container for other logical partitions.
    • When prompted for the Number, in most cases, type 3 because a typical Linux virtual machine has two partitions by default.
    • When prompted for the Start cylinder, type a starting cylinder number or press Return to use the first cylinder available.
    • When prompted for the Last cylinder, press Return to allocate all the available space or specify the size of a new partition in cylinders if you do not want to use all the available space.
    By default, fdisk creates a partition with a System ID of 83. If you’re unsure of the partition’s System ID, use the
    l
    command to check it.
  4. Use thewcommand to write the changes to the partition table.
  5. Restart the virtual machine by entering therebootcommand.
  6. When restarted, create a file system on the new partition. We recommend that you use the same file system as on the other partitions. In most cases it will be either the Ext3 or ReiserFS file system. For example, to create the Ext3 file system, enter the following command:/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda3
  7. Create a directory that will be a mount point for the new partition. For example, to name it data, enter:mkdir /data
  8. Mount the new partition to the directory you have just created by using the following command:mount /dev/hda3 /data
  9. Make changes in your static file system information by editing the /etc/fstab file in any of the available text editors. For example, add the following string to this file:/dev/hda3 /data ext3 defaults 0 0In this string /dev/hda3 is the partition you have just created, /data is a mount point for the new partition, Ext3 is the file type of the new partition. For the exact meaning of other items in this string, consult the Linux documentation for the mount and fstab commands.
  10. Save the /etc/fstab file.

New Fedora 15's five best features



Fedora Linux not for everyone. If you’re an experienced Linux user who wants an easy-to-use desktop Linux, I recommend Mint 11. If you’re new to Linux and just want something that’s easy to pick up and use, I think you shouldgive Ubuntu 11.04 a try. But, if you’re a Linux expert, and want to explore the outer limits of what’s possible with Linux, then Red Hat’s new Fedora 15 Linux is the distribution for you.
Why? Well, here are my five favorite reasons to use Fedora 15. I’m going to start though with one reason I don’t care for this release of Fedora. Let’s call this one: Feature 0.
 The GNOME 3 desktop environment
GNOME 3 claims to be the “the next generation of GNOME with a brand new user interface. It provides a completely new and modern desktop that has been designed for today’s users and technologies.” It’s not.
First, did we really need a “completely new desktop?” I don’t think so. I quite liked GNOME the 2.x series. It worked well for me and I didn’t need to learn anything new to use it. I get the point of Ubuntu’s Unity, which is a radically different shell that rides on top of GNOME. Unity is meant for Windows and Mac users who’ve never used Linux It’s also clearly designed to eventually become a tablet interface. When I look at GNOME though what I see is change just for the sake of change not change for greater end-user usability.
The idea of GNOME 3 was to get rid of clutter OK, I can see that, but in doing it GNOME’s designers had made GNOME less usable For example, in shifting from one project to another in your workspace you need to use the dashboard as a window management interface For me, this is like having to stop my car to shift gears That by itself is so annoying that I quickly stopped using GNOME 3.0.
I also found miss each windows’ minimize and maximize buttons. You can still minimize and maximize application windows, but what used to be an automatic action now wastes time. Finally, GNOME makes it very hard indeed to tweak your desktop. There’s no easy way to even set up a screen saver! I mean seriously, I have to do something like:
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface gtk-theme 'Clearlooks
from a shell just to change my desktop theme?

GNOME 3 Failure: I saw this message far too many times.
It also doesn’t help any that GNOME 3 won’t run on basic graphics hardware. You need just the right mix of graphics and graphic drivers to get it to work. On my systems, I was only able to get one to work by using the Radeon driver for an older ATI graphics card.
In short, GNOME 3.0 is new but for users it’s a step backward. Fedora 15 is the first major distribution to include GNOME 3 by default. That was a mistake. Like Fedora 4 in its first not ready for prime time versions, GNOME 3 is not what most users want from a desktop. As for me, I’m sticking with GNOME 2.32, with occasional visits to KDE 4.6.
Now that I’ve got that out of my system, here’s what I like about Fedora 15.

5 Good Things about Fedora 15
1) Better power management
Desktop Linux has never done a great job of laptop battery management. Fortunately, Linux doesn’t drink up that much power so it usually ends up with decent battery life anyway. But, Fedora 15 redesigned power management utilities give it better battery life than other Linuxes.
I checked this by running Intec Battery Mark 1.1 on Windows XP in aVirtualBox virtual machine on my Lenovo ThinkPad R61 with its 2.2GHz Intel Core 2 Duo processor T7500 and 2GBs of RAM. With Mint 11, my six-cell battery lasted an hour and fifty-seven minutes. That’s pretty darn good for a three-year old battery.
With Fedora 15, though, it made it to 2 hours and ten minutes, which is pretty darn close to what it used to do when it was brand new. Anything that gives me 10% better battery life is a major win in my book.
2) Better End-User Software
Like most up-to-the-minute Linux distributions, Fedora uses LibreOfficein place of OpenOffice, as its office suite. LibreOffice, while an OpenOffice fork is better thought of as an improved version of OpenOffice. It looks the same, works the same, but it’s also faster, has many minor bug fixes and has far better Microsoft Office file format compatibility. Last, but not least, since Oracle will no longer be putting any resources into OpenOffice, LibreOffice is the most significant open-source office suite yet that’s still being actively developed.
Firefox 4 in Fedora 15 worked just fine.
Firefox 4 in Fedora 15 worked just fine.
In addition, Fedora includes Firefox 4, which is certainly better than the older Firefox 3.x series. On the other hand, I would have been happier if it had used Chrome 11. But, no worries, this is Linux. Installing Chrome and making it my default browser took me less time to do than it did to write this paragraph.
3) Dynamic Firewall
OK, this is a beta feature so you have to manually install it and only network administrators are likely to find it that exciting, but I–who sometimes still wears his network administrator hat–think that it has great potential.
Like its name suggest dynamic firewall enables you to change firewall settings without needing to restart the firewall. So, for example, you can set the firewall to change its rules, as needed for virtual machines or Virtual Private Networks (VPN).
You can also use it to open up the firewall for a specific network request, such as discovering a local printer or a Windows server, and then closing down the port once you’re done with that procedure. This has got real possibilities and I like it already. If all goes well, it will become the default firewall in Fedora 16 and eventually in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
4) Virtual Desktop Support
Slowly, but surely, Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments (SPICE)virtual desktops are coming to Red Hat. In Fedora 15, SPICE has been integrated into the virtualization manager, virt-manager.
Since Red Hat future desktops plans center on virtual desktops,presumably running on Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM), I find this very interesting. I also found that you can finally set up speedy SPICE virtual desktops without tweaking configuration files by hand.
5) RPM 4.9.0 Package Manager
RPM 4.9.0, Fedora and RHEL’s software manager has been given a real tune-up. It’s now easier than ever to install software on Fedora .For more on that see the RPM 4.9.0 release notes. The bottom line is that RPM does a much better job of handling any RPM package that you try to install on your system.
There are many other neat features as well such as security improvements in handling common Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux)problems with an easy to use GUI and improved encrypted home directory support. And then there’s the BoxGringer image and virtual machine (VM) creator, and, at long, long last, a built-in consistent and sane network device naming system.
Now if they would only do something with GNOME 3! Or, better still, the GNOME 3 designers brought back some of its more end-user friendly bits and bites I’d be perfectly happy with Fedora.

Why Linux is Better



viruses
Forget about viruses.

dollars
Don't pay $100 for your operating system.
freedom
Freedom!
all_in_one
When the system has installed, why would youstill need to install stuff?
drivers
Forget about drivers.
global_update
Update all your software with a single click.
warez
Why copy software illegally if you can get it for free?
search_software
Need new software? Don't bother searching the web, Linux gets it for you.
spatial_desktop
Jump into the next generation of desktops.
defragment
Does your digital life seem fragmented?
window_managers
Choose what your desktop looks like.
old_and_sluggish
Why does your Windows get slower day after day?
environment
Do something for the environment.
backdoors
No back doors in your software.
help
Enjoy free and unlimited support.
virtual_desktops
Too many windows? Use workspaces.
categories
No big mess in your start menu.
report_bugs
Don't wait years for bugs to be solved; report and track them down.
reboot_all_the_time
Are you tired of restarting your computer all the time?
alive
Let your old computer have a second life.
free_games
Play hundreds of games for free.
other_countries
Help other countries, and your own.
gaim_im_services
Use MSN, AIM, ICQ, Jabber, with a single program.
amarok
Get a great music player.
weather
Keep an eye on the weather.

stability
Is your system unstable?

security
Linux protects your computer.


The few cases where you should stick to Windows (for now)



There is proprietary software you can't live without

You're a hardcore gamer

You work in the book/printing industry

Your hardware is not yet supported


Okay, I want Linux on my PC! What should I do now?



Try Linux without touching Windows

Install Linux (and still keep Windows)

How to install Windows programs in Linux using Wine


This somewhat brief tutorial will guide you in installing Wine, and then using it to install Windows applications. Though the steps and screenshots are specific to Ubuntu Linux, they will be very similar for most Linux/*nix distributions.
Background:
Think of Wine as a compatibility layer for running Windows programs. Wine does not require Microsoft Windows, as it is a completely free alternative implementation of the Windows API consisting of 100% non-Microsoft code. Wine is not a Windows emulator (hence the name, Wine Is Not an Emulator).
Before you get started, you may want to check and confirm that the Windows program you want to install is in fact supported by Wine. Visit the Wine Application Database for a list of all the programs known to work in Wine, and at what level (fully supported, needs some tweaking, etc). Some of the more common/popular programs that are known to work include: Diablo II, Rollercoaster Tycoon 2, World of Warcraft 2.0.x, Day of Defeat, Counter-Strike, Call of Duty 2, Prey (do you see a common theme here? Lots of games!). But don’t worry, it’s not just games that are supported.
  1. If you have the Synaptic Package Manger installed, use it to install Wine. For help using the Synaptic Package Manger, please see this tutorial. If you don’t use Synaptic, there are up to date Wine packages available here for many operating systems.
  2. After you’ve successfully installed Wine, launch it by selecting Wine File 
  3. And then the Wine File Browser will open.
  4. Navigate to the Windows program or program installer, and double-click it. In the example below I’ll be installing Homesite+, the only HTML editor that I’ve ever loved – and it’s not available for OS X or Linux (natively).
  5. The installation Wizard will launch, and the setup continues as it would in Windows.
  6. Once the installation has completed, use the Wine File Browser to navigate to the program and double-click it. Hint: by default, most Windows programs install on a “C:” drive – use the Wine File Browser to locate your new “C:” drive (see screenshot below).
  7. Ta-da! The Windows version of Homesite+ is now up and running – in Linux.